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Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Passive Localization of the Central Sulcus during Sleep Based on Intracranial EEG - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/04e3d83a-56cc-4398-a685-be71a9fcfef9/2022-01-28_16-32-47.png Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Passive Localization of the Central Sulcus during Sleep Based on Intracranial EEG - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/95212201-e99a-4c7a-bd55-4b67dfbcf951/CS-mapping.png Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Passive Localization of the Central Sulcus during Sleep Based on Intracranial EEG - Make it stand out Visual abstract of expert-based methods - Novel M metric. https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2022/1/7/9ubdila2fmin8gt4lohozm9oeitsbz monthly 0.5 2022-01-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/59f55cce-3590-4707-9199-423b351174ff/Screen+Shot+2022-01-07+at+10.43.46+AM.png Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - The Neural Networks Underlying the Illusion of Time Dilation - Make it stand out Right claustrum - mid insular region producing time dilation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/c6d33a4c-3599-4c53-95b2-f400fad12477/Screen+Shot+2022-01-07+at+10.42.46+AM.png Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - The Neural Networks Underlying the Illusion of Time Dilation - Make it stand out Areas connected to region producing time-dilation https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2021/4/2/zwb0t4fjq55y5qwzikxolkq09h3sj9 monthly 0.5 2021-04-05 https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2021/2/8/coming-soon-tongue-as-a-wire-glossokinetic-artifact-and-insights-from-intracranial-eeg-not-a-dipole-as-commonly-taught monthly 0.5 2022-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1612839145033-V6YGDWY131030OWPNRRC/Figure+3.jpg Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Coming soon: Tongue as a Wire? Glossokinetic Artifact and Insights from Intracranial EEG [not a dipole as commonly taught] Supp 2. Summary of conventional view (right) and proposed alternative (left). Ω represents solid angles as viewed from scalp and intracranially. P is the recorded potential according to the solid angle theorem. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1612839006868-L0JN5RGCOID0QINOMLFF/Figure+2.jpg Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Coming soon: Tongue as a Wire? Glossokinetic Artifact and Insights from Intracranial EEG [not a dipole as commonly taught] Figure 2: Schematic view of the solid angles, and distances between the tongue and ic-EEG and fronto po ar scalp EEG electrode. For simplicity, we used plane view of t the entire tongue assuming a practically constant surface area. Distances calculated toa tongue-mid-point. The mean distance to the tongue was r 132-47 ms > 417.18mm, andr” 154.0mm from: the invasive-frontal, scalp fronto-polar, and. all scalp electrodes showing OKA-deflections respectively. Further, the plane-angle was Q 0.44 radians, {’ 0.37 radians, and a 5.32 yadians in the same order. These comparable values do not account for the findings reported’ herein employing the common view of the tongue asa dipole even after factoring a conservative estimate of a decay ‘1 volume conduction through the skull. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1612839090825-Y3CISO4QFB67KG39QFGL/Figure1.png Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Coming soon: Tongue as a Wire? Glossokinetic Artifact and Insights from Intracranial EEG [not a dipole as commonly taught] Figure 1: A. Frontal ic-EEG activity time-locked to tongue movements - filter settings LFF 1 Hz HFF off. The red line marks the peak of the tongue movements. B. Glossokinetic artifact on scalp EEG and bipolar montage, red icons mark GKA deflections. C. ic-EEG correlate of tongue-movement-related high-gamma activation in the electrode space in case 3 - the size of the circles correlates with the normalized strength of gamma activation. D. Group-wise analysis of tongue movement-related normalized power gamma activity in all cases transposed to one-hemisphere for ease of visualization and co-registered with a normalized brain. E. Distribution of mean difference of power spectra in delta and sub-delta bands between tongue-movement and baseline epochs, none were statistically significant as confirmed as well with spectral statistical pixel-wise comparisons. https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2020/7/26/brief-history-of-electrical-cortical-stimulation-a-journey-in-time-from-volta-to-penfield monthly 0.5 2020-07-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1595778442265-DLH6JP5NDFOKWWA5P67W/Screen+Shot+2020-07-26+at+11.46.22+AM.png Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Brief history of electrical cortical stimulation: A journey in time from Volta to Penfield https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1595778505500-H5R3OP382XBMMPEWI93I/Screen+Shot+2020-07-26+at+11.46.02+AM.png Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Brief history of electrical cortical stimulation: A journey in time from Volta to Penfield https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1595778906200-BDP9LUKX7ADP97LK0JP3/Screen+Shot+2020-07-26+at+11.46.12+AM.png Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Brief history of electrical cortical stimulation: A journey in time from Volta to Penfield https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2020/3/15/in-pursuite-of-effective-methods-for-reliable-localization-of-the-epileptic-nework monthly 0.5 2020-05-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1584312618793-EF6M30MBRY0ZFH96B3J7/Capture2.PNG Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - In a pursuit of effective methods for reliable localization of the epileptic network: The connectivity index an effective metric for grading epileptogenicity Generating a volume of the epileptic brain regions in under a minute: Typical standard of care employ multi-day or multi-week long evaluations. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1584312557050-JLH4T1V09V72FCU7KCTR/Connectivity+index%3A+Calculation Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - In a pursuit of effective methods for reliable localization of the epileptic network: The connectivity index an effective metric for grading epileptogenicity - Connectivity Index Calculation method https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2019/4/15/restoration-of-brain-circulation-and-cellular-functions-hours-post-mortem monthly 0.5 2019-04-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1555862456677-WESES7YX3S3RU5JY32P9/Nature%2BCover.png Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Restoration of Brain Circulation and Cellular Functions Hours post-Mortem: https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2019/3/27/braincomputer-interface-bci-applications-in-mapping-of-epileptic-brain-networks-based-on-intracranial-eeg-an-update monthly 0.5 2019-03-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1553710417232-OKZU8YESDXG7YDRRRUP1/amplifiers Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) Applications in Mapping of Epileptic Brain Networks Based on Intracranial-EEG: An Update Real-Time EEG amplifiers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1553710341658-MBVIW112UHU88BUNY06H/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%2Ffiles%2FArticles%2F378279%2Ffnins-13-00191-HTML%2Fimage_m%2Ffnins-13-00191-g006.jpg Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) Applications in Mapping of Epileptic Brain Networks Based on Intracranial-EEG: An Update Physiologic High Frequency Oscillations https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2019/2/25/the-curious-case-of-a-dead-brain monthly 0.5 2019-04-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1553710720701-MWYI42K074XNZSD228OC/Aldini%27s_ox_battery.jpg Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - The Curious Case of a Dead Brain Aldini demonstrating electricity generated by an ox head https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2019/2/25/brain-computer-interface-bci-applications-in-mapping-of-epileptic-brain-networks-based-on-intracranial-eeg monthly 0.5 2019-03-27 https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2018/8/14/very-high-frequency-oscillations monthly 0.5 2018-08-14 https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2018/6/13/assessment-of-the-utility-of-ictal-magnetoencephalography-in-the-localization-of-the-epileptic-seizure-onset-zone monthly 0.5 2018-08-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1528916466676-YSQQH949378R05M7V6XD/L2-MNE-fc Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Assessment of the Utility of Ictal Magnetoencephalography in the Localization of the Epileptic Seizure Onset Zone. Illustration of L2-MNE-fc method https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2018/6/13/averaging-in-time-frequency-domain-reveals-the-temporal-and-spatial-extent-of-seizures-recorded-by-scalp-eeg monthly 0.5 2018-06-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1528932758417-J9L6LKI1K05D1GK9L6IC/spectral+averaging Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Averaging in time-frequency domain reveals the temporal and spatial extent of seizures recorded by scalp EEG. Steps implemented in averaging and interval outcomes: averaging of 100 jerks from Pz in the time domain (left) and time- frequency space (right). Left: three different time bases: 10, 2, and 0.4 seconds (from upper to lower); the red line marks the time at onset of clinical myoclonic jerks; the spike preceding the muscle jerks is easily discernible. Right: results of signal averaging in the spectral domain (upper), and then after applying statistical transformation (second from top) and correction of multiple comparisons by FDR (lower two). We used a 10 second window (second from bottom) to illustrate the effectiveness of FDR correction on eliminating accidental detections far from seizures, due to magnification of alpha errors and multiple comparisons. https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2018/6/13/impairment-of-consciousness-induced-by-bilateral-electrical-stimulation-of-the-frontal-convexity monthly 0.5 2018-06-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1528945598337-5DSNKI4FT37EUDK088VM/gr2.jpg Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Impairment of consciousness induced by bilateral electrical stimulation of the frontal convexity Functional map from cortical stimulation. Red: positive motor; Green: sensory; Yellow: Language. Orange: Stimulations that triggered consistent impairment of consciousness with trains greater than 2 seconds; Circle with central red dot: Frontal eye field; Blue: negative tongue motor; Purple: Non-epileptic experiential auditory déjà vu; White: Tested up to 12 mA with no observable function identified. T = tongue, Th = throat, F = face, H = hand. https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2018/6/13/propagation-of-seizures-in-a-case-of-lesional-mid-cingulate-gyrus-epilepsy-studied-by-stereo-eeg monthly 0.5 2018-06-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1528936263908-OIXOUOHR5R2JOYK8BYO9/seizure+spread.jpg Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Propagation of seizures in a case of lesional mid-cingulate gyrus epilepsy studied by stereo-EEG. Sequential spread of seizure (beta-band) in a seemingly less-localizable onset by standard visual analysis https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2018/6/13/the-spatial-and-signal-characteristics-of-physiologic-high-frequency-oscillations monthly 0.5 2019-05-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1528932089788-K8UDPX0IKZE9EOYDRWF7/HFOs.png Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - The spatial and signal characteristics of physiologic high frequency oscillations. (A) Distribution of nonepileptic HFOs weighted by rate (HFO event/min, primarily ripples). The rate is projected on a triangular mesh model of a standardized brain. The heat map represents the average rate of HFO events (HFO event/min). We used nearest neighbor linear interpolation in 100 vertices around the center of each electrode contact. Power maps of detected HFOs (not shown) mirror the maps of HFO rates. Areas that were not sampled appear uncolored. (B) Summary of electrode contact placement, classification, and association with HFOs in all the patients. Contact locations are spatially transformed and coregis- tered with a standardized brain (MNI). The dots mark the location of the centers of the electrodes, and do not represent the size of the electrode. red dot, A contact with HFOs in an epileptic site; black, a contact without HFOs in an epileptic site; Green dot, a contact with HFOs in a nonepileptic site; white dot, a contact without HFOs in a nonepileptic site. https://www.humanbrainmapping.net/recent-publications/2018/6/13/cingulate-epilepsy-report-of-3-electroclinical-subtypes-with-surgical-outcomes monthly 0.5 2018-06-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b0b2750f2e6b1aad42ad211/1528936612605-XFQX5ABQNOVVEWN684ZG/Cingulate+ictal%2Finterictal Recent Publications - Rafeed Alkawadri, MD - Cingulate epilepsy: report of 3 electroclinical subtypes with surgical outcomes Representation of the magnetic resonance image lesions and corresponding distribution of interictal and ictal electroencephalographic findings on scalp. The interictal maps show electrodes with involvement greater than 50% of the maximum amplitude of the epileptiform discharges. The darker color, when present, marks the subset of electrodes that consistently exhibit maximal amplitude of the interictal activity. The highlighted ictal electrodes represent the ones with greater than 50% of maximum amplitude. The darker red color marks regions/electrodes with relatively localized and faster ictal rhythms (the most prominent ictal rhythm is in the left upper corner of the ictal map). Interictal maps have been left blank in patients who had no identifiable interictal discharges on scalp. Ictal maps have been left blank in patients whose scalp ictal rhythms were obscured. 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